The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 Coursework

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 - Coursework Example HA molecules are particularly important in the development of the disease as they cause the preferential attachment to lung epithelial cells and the insertion of the virus contents into the host cell. Each protein in the virus has multiple subtypes. In human-infecting Influenza virus strains, there are three HA subtypes, H1, H2 and H3, while NA has two, N1 and N2. The different combinations of HA and NA make possible the multiple subtypes of Influenza viruses (Kimball, 2009). With the elucidation of the viral structure, it has since been discovered that there are multiple strains of the virus, and that they continually mutate and cross-infect swine, birds and humans. As commonly seen among viruses, HA, together with NA, genes mutate at a high rate, causing new strains to be seen infecting humans almost yearly. This phenomenon is referred to as the antigenic shift. In addition, Influenza virus strains undergo gene reassortment, in which two strains infecting the same bird or swine exc hange RNA strands to develop a new virus subtype that the human population has not been exposed before. Thus, this antigenic shift usually causes severe pandemics. For example, the 1957 H2N2 Asian flu pandemic after the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic is believed to be caused by the simultaneous infection of a human-infecting subtype and a bird-specific H2N_ resulting to the reassortment of their genes that produced a new bird-specific subtype that can infect humans. In effect, this new H2N2 subtype is something the human population at that time has not been exposed before, causing many to have no immunity against the virus and to be susceptible to infection (Kimball, 2009). Because of the unique features of Influenza virus, current prophylaxis still involves multiple vaccinations, with the composition of multivalent shots varied annually to confer protection against strains guessed to be most infective during the coming season. Thus, prolonging and ensuring the effectiveness has bee n the focal point of many researches. A promising approach is the development of vaccines that can induce the production of antibodies that are specific against multiple HA subtypes. Throsby and his colleagues (2008) paved the way for such approach when they identified human antibodies that can bind to H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, and H9. They referred to this antibody as CR6261 (Eckiert et al., 2009). CR6261 AGAINST H1N1 AND OTHER SUBTYPES What makes CR6261 different from other antibodies that confer resistance to only one subtype of Influenza? Eckiert et al. (2009) tried to elucidate the 2.2 and 2.6A crystal structure of the antigen-binding portion (Fab) of CR6261, as well as the CR6261 Fab complexed with heterotypic HAs from human 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus and avian H5N1 virus. Although it was not mentioned in the study if there is any purpose in choosing H1 and H5 instead of the other subtypes, the choices probably served the most purpose because H1 has a history in causing a pandemic (19 18 H1N1 Spanish flu), and H5 has a likelihood to infect and cause death among humans, who are mostly unexposed to such type of Influenza (Kimball, 2009). However, it is most ideal if the study

Dealing with stress Essay Example for Free

Dealing with stress Essay One of the greatest sources of stress at work is caused by the innovations that have been created to make work easier. While it is true that there are already so many inventions and technological devices that have been invented to help people accomplish more at work, the result is far from the anticipated goal of allowing people to rest more. The increased capability of performing more work has been off-set by the fact that more and more tasks are placed upon the employees. The fact paced working environment and steady competition has changed the way work is being done and increased the stress levels. When a few decades ago companies only had to contend with local or national competition, the current business environment faces competition from firms and companies all over the world. Another factor which adds to the stress in any working environment, aside from the increased pressure to produce more, is the fact that the stress in the work place negatively affects the health of employees thus causing more absences and adding more pressure to catch up with the work load. It has been suggested that stress can be thought of as resulting from an â€Å"imbalance between demands and resources† or as occurring when â€Å"pressure exceeds ones perceived ability to cope† (Sedgeman 2005). The most common reasons for stress are poor working conditions such as excessive noise or heat and crowded or poorly designed workspaces, a lack of control over work, time pressures, long or inflexible working hours, too much or too little work or responsibility, confusion about duties and responsibilities, including role ambiguity, a lack of variety and interest in job, inadequate training and possibilities for learning new skills, poor work-life balance, difficult relationships with supervisors and coworkers, lack of support from colleagues, isolation from colleagues, organizational confusion, restructuring, and job change. All of these factors contribute to stress at the work place. It is important to note however that the effect or weight of each of these factors differs from person to person. Over the years, there has been more emphasis on job specialization and training. Aside from performing the regular work tasks, employees are also expected and pressured to meet higher expectations and maintain their competitive edge constantly. These factors were not as prevalent in the work place a few decades ago as they are now. There have been a number of studies on the relationship between stress and job performance that show that as the level of work related stress increases the job performance and satisfaction level also changes. Some of the consequences of stress include, job-related consequences such as low performance and absenteeism, emotion related consequences such as irritability and depression which affect work place relationships, and physiological consequences such as high blood pressure and other illnesses. All of these consequences affect the worker’s ability to perform his/her task at work and are also detrimental to the work atmosphere as more irritable people are less likely to contribute to team-related tasks and goals. Absenteeism is also a problem as it directly affects the work output of not only an individual worker but of the team or unit as well. Many techniques have been implemented to reduce worker stress. In a number of Japanese firms, certain activities such as worker exercise programs have been implemented in an effort to keep the employees in better shape. Other workplaces over the world have taken advantage of the technical advances in communications technology and used these to reduce worker stress levels. Some of these programs include the permitting of certain employees to telecommute at least once or twice a week in order to create a more relaxed yet productive working environment. Other programs included involving the families of the workers in group activities and corporate activities. While these have been shown to have mixed effects in relation to coping with stress, these activities have also shown that the most important way of dealing with work related stress lies in showing the employees that their employer cares about their welfare and is instituting programs to deal with such. In the long run, there is really no sure fire method of dealing with stress. There will always be different stress levels and methods of coping with them. The most important thing that remains, however, is that something is done. A proactive stance is still better than anything. References: Bower, J. E. Segerstrom, S. C. (2004). Stress management, finding benefit, and immune function: positive mechanisms for intervention effects on physiology. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56(1): 9-11 Sedgeman, J. A. (2005). Health Realization/Innate Health: Can a quiet mind and a positive feeling state be accessible over the lifespan without stress-relief techniques? Med. Sci. Monitor 11(12) HY47-52.

Written Music Essay -- Music History

Written Music For a very long time music was not written down. It was sung or played from memory. As it was passed on from person to person, many changes crept into the tunes. A way of writing music down was needed so that it would be sung or played exactly as it had been composed. The name for written music that man developed is notation. The system of musical notation generally used today is the result of centuries of development- from about the end of the ninth century to the early 1700’s. This development began in the cathedrals in monasteries of the Roman Catholic Church. Since many of the Church’s services were sung, they were sung from memory. Towards the end of the ninth century dots and dashes and squiggles were written over the words in the church books. These signs, called neumes, showed the direction in which the melody should go. But they were still very vague. About 900 A.D. the music was made a little easier to read. The neumes were written at certain distances above or below the horizontal red line, representing the note F, to show how high or low...

Main Types of New Year’s Resolutions

New Year's Resolutions Apart from the endless cups of tea with Christmas sweets, the great fun and the inmense blissfulness that we experience by the end of the year and the beginning of a new one, the New Year is also the traditional time to make resolutions, which are plans to improve oneself. Resolutions are basically promises to oneself, and like promises, you either keep them or break them. That is to say, you are either successful in keeping your plans, or you are not and you go back to your old habits. The vast majority of people think that they need a new lifestyle, a change, or a recommitment as an individual. The aim of most resolutions is to turn over a new leaf. That is, to make yourself better by changing your routines and habits. It is like making a fresh, new start in your life. Generally there are two main types of resolutions: give up or take up. A lot of people say that their New Year’s Resolutions are to give up a bad habit or to take up a new hobby. Personally, I think that what I would just like to do is carry on working hard; carry on being happy and healthy. I plan to keep on studying, keep on exercising ( I wish I could do it quite often in 2012), keep on eating well and keep on sleeping well, keep on getting on well with my family and friends. And that’s about it, there is nothing else. Nothing too big, nothing too heavy, because experience tells me that if you try to ask yourself to do too much stuff, it will eventually not happen.

Accounting Software Bridge Gap For Small Businesses

Accounting Software Bridge Gap for Small Businesses Small Businesses face more challenges than large corporations, it is often difficult for small businesses to remain competitive in a constant changing economy. Many small businesses lack the capital, know how, and budgetary allocation that helps small businesses build and expand. Therefore, small businesses depend on accounting software to narrow the gap between large corporation and small businesses by reducing cost, boost efficiency, reduce manual errors, and assist small businesses in staying ahead of their competitors. Accounting software gives small businesses an advantage in a competitive market by improving small business ability to manage financial statements quicker and easier.†¦show more content†¦Small businesses are the fabric of our economy and technology has aid in the development, growth, and prosperity of small businesses. Technology has improved the way small businesses prepare financial statements, record sales, and recognize asset impairment at a click of a button. Technology is so far integrated into our society that it is impossible for a small business to function without using technology. Thus, accounting software allow small businesses to operate efficiently without losing sales and reduce the time it would typically take to prepare financial statements. Small businesses can run more smoothly using accounting software that matches the need of the company. Accounting application is an essential tool for small businesses and is an indispensable asset for the going concern of small businesses. Therefore, accounting software enhance the capabilities of small businesses to function efficiently, increase productivity and competitiveness despite the size of the business. Various accounting software such as QuickBooks, Freshbooks, Xero, and Zoho Books are great for small businesses and include payment processing, payroll capabilities, general ledger management, and invoicing. QuickBooks application are great for small businesses freela ncers, and consultants and as a user-friendly interface. QuickBooks user’s basically complete forms and the software preform theShow MoreRelatedThe Convergence of Two Accounting Systems and the International Financial Reporting Standards1318 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction The convergence of two accounting systems, the US GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards, is not a new concept. For many years, the primordial idea of convergence started in the late 1950’s in response to post World War II economic integration and related increases in cross-border capital flows. Initially, the term used was â€Å"Harmonization until the early 1990’s the politically correct term is â€Å"Convergence†. It has been in deliberation to whether all countriesRead MoreA Research Study On Designing A Holistic Education Program At The University Of Washington1121 Words   |  5 Pagesbrilliance of a powerful design lies in it being a transparent medium that allows flawless, intuitive and delightful interactions between people and machines. I envision myself as a UX designer, firmly rooted by HCI principles, who is able to act as a bridge between the technologists building a product and the people using this technology. I am positive that the MHCI+D program at the University of Washington will guide me towards the next level and help me reach my goal. My undergraduate studies at theRead MoreSecuring It Infrastructure At Wd Enterprises1268 Words   |  6 PagesSeattle area. Three of these locations house manufacturing based businesses which operate large CNC machines to develop engine components for various racing industries. These locations also have a few high end computers used for CAD software and other design tools. Each location also has an Active Directory server to provide user management and provide file and printing services on the network, along with a server to run the accounting software for each division. The remaining two locations house the majorityRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1511 Words   |  7 Pagesera, how difficult is it for the older generation to cope up with the digital living. Or how the young generation has adapted to the tech digital life completely in areas such as Business Management. This paper solely concentrates on the generational gap, older generation viewed as digital tourist and younger generation adapting the digital life, various aspects including business management. 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Learn How to Write a Professional News Story

Many students take journalism courses because they like to write, and many journalism courses focus on the craft of writing. But the great thing about news writing is that it follows a basic format. Learn that news story format and youll be able to write strong stories, whether youre a naturally talented writer or not. Writing Your Lede The most important part of any news story is the lede, which is the very first sentence of a news story. In it, the writer summarizes the most newsworthy points of the story in broad brushstrokes. If a lede is well-written, it will give the reader a basic idea of what the story is about, even if they skip over the rest of the story. Example: Two people died in a rowhouse fire in Northeast Philadelphia last night. Theres obviously a lot more to this story—what caused the fire? Who was killed? What was the address of the rowhouse? But from this ​lede, you get the basics: two people killed, rowhouse fire, and northeast Philadelphia. The "5 W's and the H" One way to figure out what goes into a lede is to use the five Ws and the H: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Who is the story about? What is it about? Where did it occur? And so on. Answer those questions in your lede and youll cover all your bases. Sometimes, one of those answers will be more interesting than the rest. Lets say youre writing a story about a celebrity who gets injured in a car crash. Obviously, what makes the story interesting is the fact that a celebrity is involved. A car crash in and of itself is common. So in this example, youll want to emphasize the who aspect of the story in your lede. Inverted Pyramid Format After the lede, the rest of a news story is written in the inverted pyramid format. This means that the most important information goes at the top (the beginning of the news story) and the least important details go at the bottom. We do this for several reasons. First, readers have a limited amount of time and short attention spans, so it makes sense to put the most important news at the start of the story. Second, this format allows editors to shorten stories quickly if needed. Its much easier to trim a news story if you know that the least important information is at the end. S-V-O Format Generally speaking, keep your writing tight and your stories relatively short; say what you need to say in as few words as possible. One way to do this is to follow the S-V-O format, which stands for subject-verb-object. To understand this concept, look at these two examples: She read the book. The book was read by her. The first sentence is written in the S-V-O format, meaning the subject is at the beginning, then the verb, then finished with the direct object. As a result, it is short and to the point. Plus, since the connection between the subject and the action shes taking is clear, the sentence has some life to it. You can picture a woman reading a book when you read the sentence. The second sentence, on the other hand, doesnt follow S-V-O. It is in the passive voice, so the connection between the subject and what shes doing has been severed. What youre left with is a sentence thats watery and unfocused. The second sentence is also two words longer than the first. Two words may not seem like a lot, but imagine cutting two words from every sentence in a 10-inch news article. Soon, it starts to add up. You can convey much more information using far fewer words with the S-V-O format.

My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy - 1333 Words

My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy boasted an amazing maximalist approach that boarded on a hip hop opera symphony with lyrics that were memorable and verses that can rank as the best hip hop verses of all time. It was an album filled with legendary moments that music fans will remember for ages, and moments Kanye fan boys will yell at his concerts. This reaction by hip hop fans for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was immediate. For Yeezus, it was different. Yeezus’ minimalistic approach threw fans and critics off due to the very left field and experimental approach he took for this album, both sonically and thematically. In spite of this, Yeezus still manages to hold up it’s quality, value, and impact in comparison to his preceding albums while becoming one of the most important hip hop albums of all time. Leading up to the release of the album, Kanye premiered the song â€Å"New Slaves† on buildings across the globe. New Slaves set the tone for the album’s assumed political thematic approach, a seemingly popular decision. He outright calls out corporations stating â€Å"Fuck you and your corporations y’all can’t control me†, a line he admits may have caused the lack of promotion for â€Å"Black Skinhead†, another quasi-politically driven song that was composed to be a radio smash hit. Both of these songs on their own are fantastic. They’re not only well inspired politically driven hip hop songs, they’re arena anthems with ‘Black Skinhead† bordering on punk rock. â€Å"Middle america packedShow MoreRelatedA Review Of The Wests Dream?992 Words   |  4 Pagesend of â€Å"Power,† West questions in plain voice, â€Å"Are you strong enough to let power go?† The incredibly deep and wondrous record revealed a darker side of West that showed his transformation and desire to once more speak for the people and highlight dark, comedic experiences. After â€Å"Power,† West released new, free records every Friday via his Twitter and website for two months leading up to the release of MBDTF. On Twitter, West explained that his exile showed him the importance of producing musicRead MoreKanye West s New Album923 Words   |  4 Pagesintrospective and damn catchy. 5. All of the Lights Year: 2010 Album:My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Notable line:â€Å"I made mistakes, I bump my head.† Many critics consider My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy Kanye’s magnum opus. With tracks like â€Å"Runaway,† â€Å"Monster,† and â€Å"Power† it is easy to see why. 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Originally released on December 2001, The Lord of the Rings:Read MoreThe Life Of Kanye West1714 Words   |  7 Pagesdarkness he still found success. West had now firmly established himself not only in the rap industry, but in the music industry as a whole. His next album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, was mostly recorded in Hawaii with guest vocals such as Nicki Minaj, Kid Cudi, Rick Ross, and RZA (About Kanye West). My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was released in November of 2010 and debuted number one on the Billboard 200 (About Kanye West). The album, not surprisingly, also eventually went platinumRead MoreExploring Themes in Sonnets1751 Words   |  8 PagesThe six poems that I shall be comparing are: Sonnet 116, My last duchess, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, The highwayman, The laboratory and The ballad of Tam Lin. 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F--- that, I’m gonna say how I feel!†, twice leadingRead MoreSocrates Weaknesses1077 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieving what is given to you. When asked to pick someone from recent history who reflects Socrates, there is only one person that comes to mind; Kanye West. On Kanye’s famous album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, he has a song called See Me Now, in which he says â€Å"This is an aristocracy, I’m Socrates, but my skin more chocolatey†. Kanye believes that only the elite hold power in our country, so he compares himself to Socrates, noting that the only difference between them is their skin colorRead MoreLast Summer Travi $ Scott1223 Words   |  5 Pagescoupled with a domesticated middle class backdrop (fighting with parents, doing poorly in school, getting kicked out), Scott lends himself as an ideal blank canvas for many young music fans looking to get their first kicks in rap. â€Å"What happened now?/ My daddy happy, mama called me up/ That money coming and she love me, I done made it now,† Scott raps over auburn piano, live drums and Robert Fripp-style guitar licks that sudde nly imbue the closing minutes on â€Å"90210†. This is one of Rodeo s few uncanny